胡同的英文介绍 -凯发网站

  hutongs (simplified chinese: 胡同; traditional chinese: 衚衕; pinyin: hútòng) are narrow streets or alleys, most commonly associated with beijing, china。
  

the word hutong comes from the mongolian hottog, meaning "water well。" during the growth of towns and cities, wells dug by villagers formed the centres of new communities。
  

in beijing, hutongs are alleys formed by lines of siheyuan, traditional courtyard residences。 many neighbourhoods were formed by joining one siheyuan to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another。
   the word hutong is also used to refer to such neighbourhoods。

in old china, streets and lanes were defined by width。
   hutongs were lanes no wider than 9 metres。 many are smaller; beijing hutongs range in width from 10 metres down to only 40 centimetres。
  

since the mid-20th century, the number of beijing hutongs has dropped dramatically as they are demolished to make way for new roads and buildings。
   more recently, some hutongs have been designated as protected areas in an attempt to preserve this aspect of chinese cultural history。
  

historical hutongs
during china’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of beijing and arranged the residential areas according to the etiquette systems of the zhou dynasty (1027 - 256 bc)。
   at the center was the forbidden city, surrounded in concentric circles by the inner city and outer city。 citizens of higher social status were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles。
  

aristocrats lived to the east and west of the imperial palace。 the large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy merchants often featured beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars and carefully landscaped gardens。
   the hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens。 farther from the palace, and to its north and south, were the commoners, merchants, artisans and laborers。
   their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower。

nearly all siheyuan had their main buildings and gates facing south for better lighting; thus a majority of hutongs run from east to west。
   between the main hutongs, many tiny lanes ran north and south for convenient passage。

historically, hutong was also once used as the lowest level of administrative geographical divisions within a city in ancient china as in the paifang (牌坊) system: the largest division within a city in ancient china was a fang (坊), equivalent to current day precinct。
   each fang (坊) was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosure were shut and guraded every night。 each fang (坊) was further divided into several plate or pai (牌), which is equivalent to current day (unincorporated) community。
   each pai (牌), inturn, contained an area including several hutongs, and during ming dynasty, beijing was divided into a total of 36 fangs (坊)。
   however, as the ancient chinese urban administration division system was given away to population and household divisions instead of geographical divisions, hutongs was no longer used as the lowest level of administrative geographical divisions and was replaced with other means。
  

hutongs in the modern era
at the turn of the 20th century, the qing court was disintegrating as china’s dynastic era came to an end。
   the traditional arrangement of hutongs was also affected。 many new hutongs, built haphazardly and with no apparent plan, began to appear on the outskirts of the old city while the old ones lost their former neat appearance。
   the social stratification of the residents also began to evaporate, reflecting the collapse of the feudal system。

during the period of the republic of china from 1911 to 1948, society was unstable, fraught with civil wars and repeated foreign invasions。
   beijing deteriorated, and the conditions of the hutongs worsened。 siheyuan previously owned and occupied by a single family were subdivided and shared by many households, with additions tacked on as needed, built with whatever materials were available。
   the 978 hutongs listed in qing dynasty records swelled to 1,330 by 1949。

decline of hutongs
following the founding of the people’s republic of china in 1949, many of the old hutongs disappeared, replaced by the high rises and wide boulevards of today’s beijing。
   many citizens left the lanes where their families resided for generations, resettling in apartment buildings with modern amenities。
   in xicheng district, for example, nearly 200 hutongs out of the 820 it held in 1949 have disappeared。 the beijing municipal construction committee stated in 2004, some 250,000 square meters of old housing – 20,000 households – would be demolished in 2004。
  

however, many of beijing’s ancient hutongs still stand, and a number of them have been designated protected areas。
   the older neighborhoods survive today, offering a glimpse of life in the capital city as it has been for generations。

in beijing, the hutongs in the vicinity of the bell tower and shichahai lake are especially well preserved。
   some are several hundred years old, and attracts tourists who tour the quarter in pedicabs。

other information
each hutong has a name。
   some have had only one name since their creation, while others have had several throughout their history。

names were given to hutongs for various reasons:

* place names, such as inner xizhimen hutong
* plants, such as liushu hutong (liushu means willow)
* directions, as xi hongmen hutong (xi means west)
* beijing idioms such as yizi hutong (a local term for soap is yizi)
* words with positive attributes, such as xiqing hutong (xiqing means happy)
* markets and businesses, such as yangshi hutong (yangshi is a sheep market)
* temples, such as guanyinsi hutong (guanyinsi is the kuan-yin temple)
* people's names, such as mengduan hutong。
  

while most beijing hutongs are straight, jiudaowan hutong turns nineteen times。

at its narrowest section, qianshi hutong near qianmen (front gate) is only 40 centimeters wide。
  

原文在
。wikipedia。org/wiki/hutong

参考文献：。wikipedia。
  org/wiki/hutong。